Python-2.7.3/Modules/_struct.c

No issues found

   1 /* struct module -- pack values into and (out of) strings */
   2 
   3 /* New version supporting byte order, alignment and size options,
   4    character strings, and unsigned numbers */
   5 
   6 #define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
   7 
   8 #include "Python.h"
   9 #include "structseq.h"
  10 #include "structmember.h"
  11 #include <ctype.h>
  12 
  13 static PyTypeObject PyStructType;
  14 
  15 /* compatibility macros */
  16 #if (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000)
  17 typedef int Py_ssize_t;
  18 #endif
  19 
  20 /* warning messages */
  21 #define FLOAT_COERCE_WARN "integer argument expected, got float"
  22 #define NON_INTEGER_WARN "integer argument expected, got non-integer " \
  23     "(implicit conversion using __int__ is deprecated)"
  24 
  25 
  26 /* The translation function for each format character is table driven */
  27 typedef struct _formatdef {
  28     char format;
  29     Py_ssize_t size;
  30     Py_ssize_t alignment;
  31     PyObject* (*unpack)(const char *,
  32                         const struct _formatdef *);
  33     int (*pack)(char *, PyObject *,
  34                 const struct _formatdef *);
  35 } formatdef;
  36 
  37 typedef struct _formatcode {
  38     const struct _formatdef *fmtdef;
  39     Py_ssize_t offset;
  40     Py_ssize_t size;
  41 } formatcode;
  42 
  43 /* Struct object interface */
  44 
  45 typedef struct {
  46     PyObject_HEAD
  47     Py_ssize_t s_size;
  48     Py_ssize_t s_len;
  49     formatcode *s_codes;
  50     PyObject *s_format;
  51     PyObject *weakreflist; /* List of weak references */
  52 } PyStructObject;
  53 
  54 
  55 #define PyStruct_Check(op) PyObject_TypeCheck(op, &PyStructType)
  56 #define PyStruct_CheckExact(op) (Py_TYPE(op) == &PyStructType)
  57 
  58 
  59 /* Exception */
  60 
  61 static PyObject *StructError;
  62 
  63 
  64 /* Define various structs to figure out the alignments of types */
  65 
  66 
  67 typedef struct { char c; short x; } st_short;
  68 typedef struct { char c; int x; } st_int;
  69 typedef struct { char c; long x; } st_long;
  70 typedef struct { char c; float x; } st_float;
  71 typedef struct { char c; double x; } st_double;
  72 typedef struct { char c; void *x; } st_void_p;
  73 
  74 #define SHORT_ALIGN (sizeof(st_short) - sizeof(short))
  75 #define INT_ALIGN (sizeof(st_int) - sizeof(int))
  76 #define LONG_ALIGN (sizeof(st_long) - sizeof(long))
  77 #define FLOAT_ALIGN (sizeof(st_float) - sizeof(float))
  78 #define DOUBLE_ALIGN (sizeof(st_double) - sizeof(double))
  79 #define VOID_P_ALIGN (sizeof(st_void_p) - sizeof(void *))
  80 
  81 /* We can't support q and Q in native mode unless the compiler does;
  82    in std mode, they're 8 bytes on all platforms. */
  83 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
  84 typedef struct { char c; PY_LONG_LONG x; } s_long_long;
  85 #define LONG_LONG_ALIGN (sizeof(s_long_long) - sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))
  86 #endif
  87 
  88 #ifdef HAVE_C99_BOOL
  89 #define BOOL_TYPE _Bool
  90 typedef struct { char c; _Bool x; } s_bool;
  91 #define BOOL_ALIGN (sizeof(s_bool) - sizeof(BOOL_TYPE))
  92 #else
  93 #define BOOL_TYPE char
  94 #define BOOL_ALIGN 0
  95 #endif
  96 
  97 #define STRINGIFY(x)    #x
  98 
  99 #ifdef __powerc
 100 #pragma options align=reset
 101 #endif
 102 
 103 static char *integer_codes = "bBhHiIlLqQ";
 104 
 105 /* Helper to get a PyLongObject by hook or by crook.  Caller should decref. */
 106 
 107 static PyObject *
 108 get_pylong(PyObject *v)
 109 {
 110     PyObject *r, *w;
 111     int converted = 0;
 112     assert(v != NULL);
 113     if (!PyInt_Check(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
 114         PyNumberMethods *m;
 115         /* Not an integer; first try to use __index__ to
 116            convert to an integer.  If the __index__ method
 117            doesn't exist, or raises a TypeError, try __int__.
 118            Use of the latter is deprecated, and will fail in
 119            Python 3.x. */
 120 
 121         m = Py_TYPE(v)->tp_as_number;
 122         if (PyIndex_Check(v)) {
 123             w = PyNumber_Index(v);
 124             if (w != NULL) {
 125                 v = w;
 126                 /* successfully converted to an integer */
 127                 converted = 1;
 128             }
 129             else if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError)) {
 130                 PyErr_Clear();
 131             }
 132             else
 133                 return NULL;
 134         }
 135         if (!converted && m != NULL && m->nb_int != NULL) {
 136             /* Special case warning message for floats, for
 137                backwards compatibility. */
 138             if (PyFloat_Check(v)) {
 139                 if (PyErr_WarnEx(
 140                             PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
 141                             FLOAT_COERCE_WARN, 1))
 142                     return NULL;
 143             }
 144             else {
 145                 if (PyErr_WarnEx(
 146                             PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
 147                             NON_INTEGER_WARN, 1))
 148                     return NULL;
 149             }
 150             v = m->nb_int(v);
 151             if (v == NULL)
 152                 return NULL;
 153             if (!PyInt_Check(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
 154                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
 155                                 "__int__ method returned "
 156                                 "non-integer");
 157                 return NULL;
 158             }
 159             converted = 1;
 160         }
 161         if (!converted) {
 162             PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 163                             "cannot convert argument "
 164                             "to integer");
 165             return NULL;
 166         }
 167     }
 168     else
 169         /* Ensure we own a reference to v. */
 170         Py_INCREF(v);
 171 
 172     assert(PyInt_Check(v) || PyLong_Check(v));
 173     if (PyInt_Check(v)) {
 174         r = PyLong_FromLong(PyInt_AS_LONG(v));
 175         Py_DECREF(v);
 176     }
 177     else if (PyLong_Check(v)) {
 178         assert(PyLong_Check(v));
 179         r = v;
 180     }
 181     else {
 182         r = NULL;   /* silence compiler warning about
 183                        possibly uninitialized variable */
 184         assert(0);  /* shouldn't ever get here */
 185     }
 186 
 187     return r;
 188 }
 189 
 190 /* Helper to convert a Python object to a C long.  Sets an exception
 191    (struct.error for an inconvertible type, OverflowError for
 192    out-of-range values) and returns -1 on error. */
 193 
 194 static int
 195 get_long(PyObject *v, long *p)
 196 {
 197     long x;
 198 
 199     v = get_pylong(v);
 200     if (v == NULL)
 201         return -1;
 202     assert(PyLong_Check(v));
 203     x = PyLong_AsLong(v);
 204     Py_DECREF(v);
 205     if (x == (long)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
 206         return -1;
 207     *p = x;
 208     return 0;
 209 }
 210 
 211 /* Same, but handling unsigned long */
 212 
 213 static int
 214 get_ulong(PyObject *v, unsigned long *p)
 215 {
 216     unsigned long x;
 217 
 218     v = get_pylong(v);
 219     if (v == NULL)
 220         return -1;
 221     assert(PyLong_Check(v));
 222     x = PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(v);
 223     Py_DECREF(v);
 224     if (x == (unsigned long)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
 225         return -1;
 226     *p = x;
 227     return 0;
 228 }
 229 
 230 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
 231 
 232 /* Same, but handling native long long. */
 233 
 234 static int
 235 get_longlong(PyObject *v, PY_LONG_LONG *p)
 236 {
 237     PY_LONG_LONG x;
 238 
 239     v = get_pylong(v);
 240     if (v == NULL)
 241         return -1;
 242     assert(PyLong_Check(v));
 243     x = PyLong_AsLongLong(v);
 244     Py_DECREF(v);
 245     if (x == (PY_LONG_LONG)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
 246         return -1;
 247     *p = x;
 248     return 0;
 249 }
 250 
 251 /* Same, but handling native unsigned long long. */
 252 
 253 static int
 254 get_ulonglong(PyObject *v, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG *p)
 255 {
 256     unsigned PY_LONG_LONG x;
 257 
 258     v = get_pylong(v);
 259     if (v == NULL)
 260         return -1;
 261     assert(PyLong_Check(v));
 262     x = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(v);
 263     Py_DECREF(v);
 264     if (x == (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
 265         return -1;
 266     *p = x;
 267     return 0;
 268 }
 269 
 270 #endif
 271 
 272 /* Floating point helpers */
 273 
 274 static PyObject *
 275 unpack_float(const char *p,  /* start of 4-byte string */
 276          int le)             /* true for little-endian, false for big-endian */
 277 {
 278     double x;
 279 
 280     x = _PyFloat_Unpack4((unsigned char *)p, le);
 281     if (x == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
 282         return NULL;
 283     return PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
 284 }
 285 
 286 static PyObject *
 287 unpack_double(const char *p,  /* start of 8-byte string */
 288           int le)         /* true for little-endian, false for big-endian */
 289 {
 290     double x;
 291 
 292     x = _PyFloat_Unpack8((unsigned char *)p, le);
 293     if (x == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
 294         return NULL;
 295     return PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
 296 }
 297 
 298 /* Helper to format the range error exceptions */
 299 static int
 300 _range_error(const formatdef *f, int is_unsigned)
 301 {
 302     /* ulargest is the largest unsigned value with f->size bytes.
 303      * Note that the simpler:
 304      *     ((size_t)1 << (f->size * 8)) - 1
 305      * doesn't work when f->size == sizeof(size_t) because C doesn't
 306      * define what happens when a left shift count is >= the number of
 307      * bits in the integer being shifted; e.g., on some boxes it doesn't
 308      * shift at all when they're equal.
 309      */
 310     const size_t ulargest = (size_t)-1 >> ((SIZEOF_SIZE_T - f->size)*8);
 311     assert(f->size >= 1 && f->size <= SIZEOF_SIZE_T);
 312     if (is_unsigned)
 313         PyErr_Format(StructError,
 314             "'%c' format requires 0 <= number <= %zu",
 315             f->format,
 316             ulargest);
 317     else {
 318         const Py_ssize_t largest = (Py_ssize_t)(ulargest >> 1);
 319         PyErr_Format(StructError,
 320             "'%c' format requires %zd <= number <= %zd",
 321             f->format,
 322             ~ largest,
 323             largest);
 324     }
 325     return -1;
 326 }
 327 
 328 
 329 
 330 /* A large number of small routines follow, with names of the form
 331 
 332    [bln][up]_TYPE
 333 
 334    [bln] distiguishes among big-endian, little-endian and native.
 335    [pu] distiguishes between pack (to struct) and unpack (from struct).
 336    TYPE is one of char, byte, ubyte, etc.
 337 */
 338 
 339 /* Native mode routines. ****************************************************/
 340 /* NOTE:
 341    In all n[up]_<type> routines handling types larger than 1 byte, there is
 342    *no* guarantee that the p pointer is properly aligned for each type,
 343    therefore memcpy is called.  An intermediate variable is used to
 344    compensate for big-endian architectures.
 345    Normally both the intermediate variable and the memcpy call will be
 346    skipped by C optimisation in little-endian architectures (gcc >= 2.91
 347    does this). */
 348 
 349 static PyObject *
 350 nu_char(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 351 {
 352     return PyString_FromStringAndSize(p, 1);
 353 }
 354 
 355 static PyObject *
 356 nu_byte(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 357 {
 358     return PyInt_FromLong((long) *(signed char *)p);
 359 }
 360 
 361 static PyObject *
 362 nu_ubyte(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 363 {
 364     return PyInt_FromLong((long) *(unsigned char *)p);
 365 }
 366 
 367 static PyObject *
 368 nu_short(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 369 {
 370     short x;
 371     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 372     return PyInt_FromLong((long)x);
 373 }
 374 
 375 static PyObject *
 376 nu_ushort(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 377 {
 378     unsigned short x;
 379     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 380     return PyInt_FromLong((long)x);
 381 }
 382 
 383 static PyObject *
 384 nu_int(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 385 {
 386     int x;
 387     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 388     return PyInt_FromLong((long)x);
 389 }
 390 
 391 static PyObject *
 392 nu_uint(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 393 {
 394     unsigned int x;
 395     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 396 #if (SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT)
 397     return PyInt_FromLong((long)x);
 398 #else
 399     if (x <= ((unsigned int)LONG_MAX))
 400         return PyInt_FromLong((long)x);
 401     return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long)x);
 402 #endif
 403 }
 404 
 405 static PyObject *
 406 nu_long(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 407 {
 408     long x;
 409     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 410     return PyInt_FromLong(x);
 411 }
 412 
 413 static PyObject *
 414 nu_ulong(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 415 {
 416     unsigned long x;
 417     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 418     if (x <= LONG_MAX)
 419         return PyInt_FromLong((long)x);
 420     return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(x);
 421 }
 422 
 423 /* Native mode doesn't support q or Q unless the platform C supports
 424    long long (or, on Windows, __int64). */
 425 
 426 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
 427 
 428 static PyObject *
 429 nu_longlong(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 430 {
 431     PY_LONG_LONG x;
 432     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 433     if (x >= LONG_MIN && x <= LONG_MAX)
 434         return PyInt_FromLong(Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(x, PY_LONG_LONG, long));
 435     return PyLong_FromLongLong(x);
 436 }
 437 
 438 static PyObject *
 439 nu_ulonglong(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 440 {
 441     unsigned PY_LONG_LONG x;
 442     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 443     if (x <= LONG_MAX)
 444         return PyInt_FromLong(Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(x, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, long));
 445     return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(x);
 446 }
 447 
 448 #endif
 449 
 450 static PyObject *
 451 nu_bool(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 452 {
 453     BOOL_TYPE x;
 454     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 455     return PyBool_FromLong(x != 0);
 456 }
 457 
 458 
 459 static PyObject *
 460 nu_float(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 461 {
 462     float x;
 463     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 464     return PyFloat_FromDouble((double)x);
 465 }
 466 
 467 static PyObject *
 468 nu_double(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 469 {
 470     double x;
 471     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 472     return PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
 473 }
 474 
 475 static PyObject *
 476 nu_void_p(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 477 {
 478     void *x;
 479     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 480     return PyLong_FromVoidPtr(x);
 481 }
 482 
 483 static int
 484 np_byte(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 485 {
 486     long x;
 487     if (get_long(v, &x) < 0)
 488         return -1;
 489     if (x < -128 || x > 127){
 490         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 491                         "byte format requires -128 <= number <= 127");
 492         return -1;
 493     }
 494     *p = (char)x;
 495     return 0;
 496 }
 497 
 498 static int
 499 np_ubyte(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 500 {
 501     long x;
 502     if (get_long(v, &x) < 0)
 503         return -1;
 504     if (x < 0 || x > 255){
 505         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 506                         "ubyte format requires 0 <= number <= 255");
 507         return -1;
 508     }
 509     *p = (char)x;
 510     return 0;
 511 }
 512 
 513 static int
 514 np_char(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 515 {
 516     if (!PyString_Check(v) || PyString_Size(v) != 1) {
 517         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 518                         "char format require string of length 1");
 519         return -1;
 520     }
 521     *p = *PyString_AsString(v);
 522     return 0;
 523 }
 524 
 525 static int
 526 np_short(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 527 {
 528     long x;
 529     short y;
 530     if (get_long(v, &x) < 0)
 531         return -1;
 532     if (x < SHRT_MIN || x > SHRT_MAX){
 533         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 534                         "short format requires " STRINGIFY(SHRT_MIN)
 535                         " <= number <= " STRINGIFY(SHRT_MAX));
 536         return -1;
 537     }
 538     y = (short)x;
 539     memcpy(p, (char *)&y, sizeof y);
 540     return 0;
 541 }
 542 
 543 static int
 544 np_ushort(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 545 {
 546     long x;
 547     unsigned short y;
 548     if (get_long(v, &x) < 0)
 549         return -1;
 550     if (x < 0 || x > USHRT_MAX){
 551         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 552                         "ushort format requires 0 <= number <= " STRINGIFY(USHRT_MAX));
 553         return -1;
 554     }
 555     y = (unsigned short)x;
 556     memcpy(p, (char *)&y, sizeof y);
 557     return 0;
 558 }
 559 
 560 static int
 561 np_int(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 562 {
 563     long x;
 564     int y;
 565     if (get_long(v, &x) < 0)
 566         return -1;
 567 #if (SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT)
 568     if ((x < ((long)INT_MIN)) || (x > ((long)INT_MAX)))
 569         return _range_error(f, 0);
 570 #endif
 571     y = (int)x;
 572     memcpy(p, (char *)&y, sizeof y);
 573     return 0;
 574 }
 575 
 576 static int
 577 np_uint(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 578 {
 579     unsigned long x;
 580     unsigned int y;
 581     if (get_ulong(v, &x) < 0)
 582         return -1;
 583     y = (unsigned int)x;
 584 #if (SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT)
 585     if (x > ((unsigned long)UINT_MAX))
 586         return _range_error(f, 1);
 587 #endif
 588     memcpy(p, (char *)&y, sizeof y);
 589     return 0;
 590 }
 591 
 592 static int
 593 np_long(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 594 {
 595     long x;
 596     if (get_long(v, &x) < 0)
 597         return -1;
 598     memcpy(p, (char *)&x, sizeof x);
 599     return 0;
 600 }
 601 
 602 static int
 603 np_ulong(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 604 {
 605     unsigned long x;
 606     if (get_ulong(v, &x) < 0)
 607         return -1;
 608     memcpy(p, (char *)&x, sizeof x);
 609     return 0;
 610 }
 611 
 612 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
 613 
 614 static int
 615 np_longlong(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 616 {
 617     PY_LONG_LONG x;
 618     if (get_longlong(v, &x) < 0)
 619         return -1;
 620     memcpy(p, (char *)&x, sizeof x);
 621     return 0;
 622 }
 623 
 624 static int
 625 np_ulonglong(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 626 {
 627     unsigned PY_LONG_LONG x;
 628     if (get_ulonglong(v, &x) < 0)
 629         return -1;
 630     memcpy(p, (char *)&x, sizeof x);
 631     return 0;
 632 }
 633 #endif
 634 
 635 
 636 static int
 637 np_bool(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 638 {
 639     int y;
 640     BOOL_TYPE x;
 641     y = PyObject_IsTrue(v);
 642     if (y < 0)
 643         return -1;
 644     x = y;
 645     memcpy(p, (char *)&x, sizeof x);
 646     return 0;
 647 }
 648 
 649 static int
 650 np_float(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 651 {
 652     float x = (float)PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
 653     if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
 654         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 655                         "required argument is not a float");
 656         return -1;
 657     }
 658     memcpy(p, (char *)&x, sizeof x);
 659     return 0;
 660 }
 661 
 662 static int
 663 np_double(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 664 {
 665     double x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
 666     if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
 667         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 668                         "required argument is not a float");
 669         return -1;
 670     }
 671     memcpy(p, (char *)&x, sizeof(double));
 672     return 0;
 673 }
 674 
 675 static int
 676 np_void_p(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 677 {
 678     void *x;
 679 
 680     v = get_pylong(v);
 681     if (v == NULL)
 682         return -1;
 683     assert(PyLong_Check(v));
 684     x = PyLong_AsVoidPtr(v);
 685     Py_DECREF(v);
 686     if (x == NULL && PyErr_Occurred())
 687         return -1;
 688     memcpy(p, (char *)&x, sizeof x);
 689     return 0;
 690 }
 691 
 692 static formatdef native_table[] = {
 693     {'x',       sizeof(char),   0,              NULL},
 694     {'b',       sizeof(char),   0,              nu_byte,        np_byte},
 695     {'B',       sizeof(char),   0,              nu_ubyte,       np_ubyte},
 696     {'c',       sizeof(char),   0,              nu_char,        np_char},
 697     {'s',       sizeof(char),   0,              NULL},
 698     {'p',       sizeof(char),   0,              NULL},
 699     {'h',       sizeof(short),  SHORT_ALIGN,    nu_short,       np_short},
 700     {'H',       sizeof(short),  SHORT_ALIGN,    nu_ushort,      np_ushort},
 701     {'i',       sizeof(int),    INT_ALIGN,      nu_int,         np_int},
 702     {'I',       sizeof(int),    INT_ALIGN,      nu_uint,        np_uint},
 703     {'l',       sizeof(long),   LONG_ALIGN,     nu_long,        np_long},
 704     {'L',       sizeof(long),   LONG_ALIGN,     nu_ulong,       np_ulong},
 705 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
 706     {'q',       sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG), LONG_LONG_ALIGN, nu_longlong, np_longlong},
 707     {'Q',       sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG), LONG_LONG_ALIGN, nu_ulonglong,np_ulonglong},
 708 #endif
 709     {'?',       sizeof(BOOL_TYPE),      BOOL_ALIGN,     nu_bool,        np_bool},
 710     {'f',       sizeof(float),  FLOAT_ALIGN,    nu_float,       np_float},
 711     {'d',       sizeof(double), DOUBLE_ALIGN,   nu_double,      np_double},
 712     {'P',       sizeof(void *), VOID_P_ALIGN,   nu_void_p,      np_void_p},
 713     {0}
 714 };
 715 
 716 /* Big-endian routines. *****************************************************/
 717 
 718 static PyObject *
 719 bu_int(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 720 {
 721     long x = 0;
 722     Py_ssize_t i = f->size;
 723     const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
 724     do {
 725         x = (x<<8) | *bytes++;
 726     } while (--i > 0);
 727     /* Extend the sign bit. */
 728     if (SIZEOF_LONG > f->size)
 729         x |= -(x & (1L << ((8 * f->size) - 1)));
 730     return PyInt_FromLong(x);
 731 }
 732 
 733 static PyObject *
 734 bu_uint(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 735 {
 736     unsigned long x = 0;
 737     Py_ssize_t i = f->size;
 738     const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
 739     do {
 740         x = (x<<8) | *bytes++;
 741     } while (--i > 0);
 742     if (x <= LONG_MAX)
 743         return PyInt_FromLong((long)x);
 744     return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(x);
 745 }
 746 
 747 static PyObject *
 748 bu_longlong(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 749 {
 750 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
 751     PY_LONG_LONG x = 0;
 752     Py_ssize_t i = f->size;
 753     const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
 754     do {
 755         x = (x<<8) | *bytes++;
 756     } while (--i > 0);
 757     /* Extend the sign bit. */
 758     if (SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > f->size)
 759         x |= -(x & ((PY_LONG_LONG)1 << ((8 * f->size) - 1)));
 760     if (x >= LONG_MIN && x <= LONG_MAX)
 761         return PyInt_FromLong(Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(x, PY_LONG_LONG, long));
 762     return PyLong_FromLongLong(x);
 763 #else
 764     return _PyLong_FromByteArray((const unsigned char *)p,
 765                                   8,
 766                                   0, /* little-endian */
 767                       1  /* signed */);
 768 #endif
 769 }
 770 
 771 static PyObject *
 772 bu_ulonglong(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 773 {
 774 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
 775     unsigned PY_LONG_LONG x = 0;
 776     Py_ssize_t i = f->size;
 777     const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
 778     do {
 779         x = (x<<8) | *bytes++;
 780     } while (--i > 0);
 781     if (x <= LONG_MAX)
 782         return PyInt_FromLong(Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(x, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, long));
 783     return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(x);
 784 #else
 785     return _PyLong_FromByteArray((const unsigned char *)p,
 786                                   8,
 787                                   0, /* little-endian */
 788                       0  /* signed */);
 789 #endif
 790 }
 791 
 792 static PyObject *
 793 bu_float(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 794 {
 795     return unpack_float(p, 0);
 796 }
 797 
 798 static PyObject *
 799 bu_double(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 800 {
 801     return unpack_double(p, 0);
 802 }
 803 
 804 static PyObject *
 805 bu_bool(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 806 {
 807     char x;
 808     memcpy((char *)&x, p, sizeof x);
 809     return PyBool_FromLong(x != 0);
 810 }
 811 
 812 static int
 813 bp_int(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 814 {
 815     long x;
 816     Py_ssize_t i;
 817     if (get_long(v, &x) < 0)
 818         return -1;
 819     i = f->size;
 820     if (i != SIZEOF_LONG) {
 821         if ((i == 2) && (x < -32768 || x > 32767))
 822             return _range_error(f, 0);
 823 #if (SIZEOF_LONG != 4)
 824         else if ((i == 4) && (x < -2147483648L || x > 2147483647L))
 825             return _range_error(f, 0);
 826 #endif
 827     }
 828     do {
 829         p[--i] = (char)x;
 830         x >>= 8;
 831     } while (i > 0);
 832     return 0;
 833 }
 834 
 835 static int
 836 bp_uint(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 837 {
 838     unsigned long x;
 839     Py_ssize_t i;
 840     if (get_ulong(v, &x) < 0)
 841         return -1;
 842     i = f->size;
 843     if (i != SIZEOF_LONG) {
 844         unsigned long maxint = 1;
 845         maxint <<= (unsigned long)(i * 8);
 846         if (x >= maxint)
 847             return _range_error(f, 1);
 848     }
 849     do {
 850         p[--i] = (char)x;
 851         x >>= 8;
 852     } while (i > 0);
 853     return 0;
 854 }
 855 
 856 static int
 857 bp_longlong(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 858 {
 859     int res;
 860     v = get_pylong(v);
 861     if (v == NULL)
 862         return -1;
 863     res = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
 864                               (unsigned char *)p,
 865                               8,
 866                               0, /* little_endian */
 867                   1  /* signed */);
 868     Py_DECREF(v);
 869     return res;
 870 }
 871 
 872 static int
 873 bp_ulonglong(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 874 {
 875     int res;
 876     v = get_pylong(v);
 877     if (v == NULL)
 878         return -1;
 879     res = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
 880                               (unsigned char *)p,
 881                               8,
 882                               0, /* little_endian */
 883                   0  /* signed */);
 884     Py_DECREF(v);
 885     return res;
 886 }
 887 
 888 static int
 889 bp_float(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 890 {
 891     double x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
 892     if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
 893         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 894                         "required argument is not a float");
 895         return -1;
 896     }
 897     return _PyFloat_Pack4(x, (unsigned char *)p, 0);
 898 }
 899 
 900 static int
 901 bp_double(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 902 {
 903     double x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
 904     if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
 905         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 906                         "required argument is not a float");
 907         return -1;
 908     }
 909     return _PyFloat_Pack8(x, (unsigned char *)p, 0);
 910 }
 911 
 912 static int
 913 bp_bool(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 914 {
 915     int y;
 916     y = PyObject_IsTrue(v);
 917     if (y < 0)
 918         return -1;
 919     *p = (char)y;
 920     return 0;
 921 }
 922 
 923 static formatdef bigendian_table[] = {
 924     {'x',       1,              0,              NULL},
 925     {'b',       1,              0,              nu_byte,        np_byte},
 926     {'B',       1,              0,              nu_ubyte,       np_ubyte},
 927     {'c',       1,              0,              nu_char,        np_char},
 928     {'s',       1,              0,              NULL},
 929     {'p',       1,              0,              NULL},
 930     {'h',       2,              0,              bu_int,         bp_int},
 931     {'H',       2,              0,              bu_uint,        bp_uint},
 932     {'i',       4,              0,              bu_int,         bp_int},
 933     {'I',       4,              0,              bu_uint,        bp_uint},
 934     {'l',       4,              0,              bu_int,         bp_int},
 935     {'L',       4,              0,              bu_uint,        bp_uint},
 936     {'q',       8,              0,              bu_longlong,    bp_longlong},
 937     {'Q',       8,              0,              bu_ulonglong,   bp_ulonglong},
 938     {'?',       1,              0,              bu_bool,        bp_bool},
 939     {'f',       4,              0,              bu_float,       bp_float},
 940     {'d',       8,              0,              bu_double,      bp_double},
 941     {0}
 942 };
 943 
 944 /* Little-endian routines. *****************************************************/
 945 
 946 static PyObject *
 947 lu_int(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 948 {
 949     long x = 0;
 950     Py_ssize_t i = f->size;
 951     const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
 952     do {
 953         x = (x<<8) | bytes[--i];
 954     } while (i > 0);
 955     /* Extend the sign bit. */
 956     if (SIZEOF_LONG > f->size)
 957         x |= -(x & (1L << ((8 * f->size) - 1)));
 958     return PyInt_FromLong(x);
 959 }
 960 
 961 static PyObject *
 962 lu_uint(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 963 {
 964     unsigned long x = 0;
 965     Py_ssize_t i = f->size;
 966     const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
 967     do {
 968         x = (x<<8) | bytes[--i];
 969     } while (i > 0);
 970     if (x <= LONG_MAX)
 971         return PyInt_FromLong((long)x);
 972     return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((long)x);
 973 }
 974 
 975 static PyObject *
 976 lu_longlong(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 977 {
 978 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
 979     PY_LONG_LONG x = 0;
 980     Py_ssize_t i = f->size;
 981     const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
 982     do {
 983         x = (x<<8) | bytes[--i];
 984     } while (i > 0);
 985     /* Extend the sign bit. */
 986     if (SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > f->size)
 987         x |= -(x & ((PY_LONG_LONG)1 << ((8 * f->size) - 1)));
 988     if (x >= LONG_MIN && x <= LONG_MAX)
 989         return PyInt_FromLong(Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(x, PY_LONG_LONG, long));
 990     return PyLong_FromLongLong(x);
 991 #else
 992     return _PyLong_FromByteArray((const unsigned char *)p,
 993                                   8,
 994                                   1, /* little-endian */
 995                       1  /* signed */);
 996 #endif
 997 }
 998 
 999 static PyObject *
1000 lu_ulonglong(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
1001 {
1002 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
1003     unsigned PY_LONG_LONG x = 0;
1004     Py_ssize_t i = f->size;
1005     const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
1006     do {
1007         x = (x<<8) | bytes[--i];
1008     } while (i > 0);
1009     if (x <= LONG_MAX)
1010         return PyInt_FromLong(Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(x, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, long));
1011     return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(x);
1012 #else
1013     return _PyLong_FromByteArray((const unsigned char *)p,
1014                                   8,
1015                                   1, /* little-endian */
1016                       0  /* signed */);
1017 #endif
1018 }
1019 
1020 static PyObject *
1021 lu_float(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
1022 {
1023     return unpack_float(p, 1);
1024 }
1025 
1026 static PyObject *
1027 lu_double(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
1028 {
1029     return unpack_double(p, 1);
1030 }
1031 
1032 static int
1033 lp_int(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
1034 {
1035     long x;
1036     Py_ssize_t i;
1037     if (get_long(v, &x) < 0)
1038         return -1;
1039     i = f->size;
1040     if (i != SIZEOF_LONG) {
1041         if ((i == 2) && (x < -32768 || x > 32767))
1042             return _range_error(f, 0);
1043 #if (SIZEOF_LONG != 4)
1044         else if ((i == 4) && (x < -2147483648L || x > 2147483647L))
1045             return _range_error(f, 0);
1046 #endif
1047     }
1048     do {
1049         *p++ = (char)x;
1050         x >>= 8;
1051     } while (--i > 0);
1052     return 0;
1053 }
1054 
1055 static int
1056 lp_uint(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
1057 {
1058     unsigned long x;
1059     Py_ssize_t i;
1060     if (get_ulong(v, &x) < 0)
1061         return -1;
1062     i = f->size;
1063     if (i != SIZEOF_LONG) {
1064         unsigned long maxint = 1;
1065         maxint <<= (unsigned long)(i * 8);
1066         if (x >= maxint)
1067             return _range_error(f, 1);
1068     }
1069     do {
1070         *p++ = (char)x;
1071         x >>= 8;
1072     } while (--i > 0);
1073     return 0;
1074 }
1075 
1076 static int
1077 lp_longlong(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
1078 {
1079     int res;
1080     v = get_pylong(v);
1081     if (v == NULL)
1082         return -1;
1083     res = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject*)v,
1084                               (unsigned char *)p,
1085                               8,
1086                               1, /* little_endian */
1087                   1  /* signed */);
1088     Py_DECREF(v);
1089     return res;
1090 }
1091 
1092 static int
1093 lp_ulonglong(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
1094 {
1095     int res;
1096     v = get_pylong(v);
1097     if (v == NULL)
1098         return -1;
1099     res = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject*)v,
1100                               (unsigned char *)p,
1101                               8,
1102                               1, /* little_endian */
1103                   0  /* signed */);
1104     Py_DECREF(v);
1105     return res;
1106 }
1107 
1108 static int
1109 lp_float(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
1110 {
1111     double x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
1112     if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
1113         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
1114                         "required argument is not a float");
1115         return -1;
1116     }
1117     return _PyFloat_Pack4(x, (unsigned char *)p, 1);
1118 }
1119 
1120 static int
1121 lp_double(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
1122 {
1123     double x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
1124     if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
1125         PyErr_SetString(StructError,
1126                         "required argument is not a float");
1127         return -1;
1128     }
1129     return _PyFloat_Pack8(x, (unsigned char *)p, 1);
1130 }
1131 
1132 static formatdef lilendian_table[] = {
1133     {'x',       1,              0,              NULL},
1134     {'b',       1,              0,              nu_byte,        np_byte},
1135     {'B',       1,              0,              nu_ubyte,       np_ubyte},
1136     {'c',       1,              0,              nu_char,        np_char},
1137     {'s',       1,              0,              NULL},
1138     {'p',       1,              0,              NULL},
1139     {'h',       2,              0,              lu_int,         lp_int},
1140     {'H',       2,              0,              lu_uint,        lp_uint},
1141     {'i',       4,              0,              lu_int,         lp_int},
1142     {'I',       4,              0,              lu_uint,        lp_uint},
1143     {'l',       4,              0,              lu_int,         lp_int},
1144     {'L',       4,              0,              lu_uint,        lp_uint},
1145     {'q',       8,              0,              lu_longlong,    lp_longlong},
1146     {'Q',       8,              0,              lu_ulonglong,   lp_ulonglong},
1147     {'?',       1,              0,              bu_bool,        bp_bool}, /* Std rep not endian dep,
1148         but potentially different from native rep -- reuse bx_bool funcs. */
1149     {'f',       4,              0,              lu_float,       lp_float},
1150     {'d',       8,              0,              lu_double,      lp_double},
1151     {0}
1152 };
1153 
1154 
1155 static const formatdef *
1156 whichtable(char **pfmt)
1157 {
1158     const char *fmt = (*pfmt)++; /* May be backed out of later */
1159     switch (*fmt) {
1160     case '<':
1161         return lilendian_table;
1162     case '>':
1163     case '!': /* Network byte order is big-endian */
1164         return bigendian_table;
1165     case '=': { /* Host byte order -- different from native in alignment! */
1166         int n = 1;
1167         char *p = (char *) &n;
1168         if (*p == 1)
1169             return lilendian_table;
1170         else
1171             return bigendian_table;
1172     }
1173     default:
1174         --*pfmt; /* Back out of pointer increment */
1175         /* Fall through */
1176     case '@':
1177         return native_table;
1178     }
1179 }
1180 
1181 
1182 /* Get the table entry for a format code */
1183 
1184 static const formatdef *
1185 getentry(int c, const formatdef *f)
1186 {
1187     for (; f->format != '\0'; f++) {
1188         if (f->format == c) {
1189             return f;
1190         }
1191     }
1192     PyErr_SetString(StructError, "bad char in struct format");
1193     return NULL;
1194 }
1195 
1196 
1197 /* Align a size according to a format code.  Return -1 on overflow. */
1198 
1199 static Py_ssize_t
1200 align(Py_ssize_t size, char c, const formatdef *e)
1201 {
1202     Py_ssize_t extra;
1203 
1204     if (e->format == c) {
1205         if (e->alignment && size > 0) {
1206             extra = (e->alignment - 1) - (size - 1) % (e->alignment);
1207             if (extra > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - size)
1208                 return -1;
1209             size += extra;
1210         }
1211     }
1212     return size;
1213 }
1214 
1215 
1216 /* calculate the size of a format string */
1217 
1218 static int
1219 prepare_s(PyStructObject *self)
1220 {
1221     const formatdef *f;
1222     const formatdef *e;
1223     formatcode *codes;
1224 
1225     const char *s;
1226     const char *fmt;
1227     char c;
1228     Py_ssize_t size, len, num, itemsize;
1229 
1230     fmt = PyString_AS_STRING(self->s_format);
1231 
1232     f = whichtable((char **)&fmt);
1233 
1234     s = fmt;
1235     size = 0;
1236     len = 0;
1237     while ((c = *s++) != '\0') {
1238         if (isspace(Py_CHARMASK(c)))
1239             continue;
1240         if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
1241             num = c - '0';
1242             while ('0' <= (c = *s++) && c <= '9') {
1243                 /* overflow-safe version of
1244                    if (num*10 + (c - '0') > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) { ... } */
1245                 if (num >= PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / 10 && (
1246                         num > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / 10 ||
1247                         (c - '0') > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX % 10))
1248                     goto overflow;
1249                 num = num*10 + (c - '0');
1250             }
1251             if (c == '\0')
1252                 break;
1253         }
1254         else
1255             num = 1;
1256 
1257         e = getentry(c, f);
1258         if (e == NULL)
1259             return -1;
1260 
1261         switch (c) {
1262             case 's': /* fall through */
1263             case 'p': len++; break;
1264             case 'x': break;
1265             default: len += num; break;
1266         }
1267 
1268         itemsize = e->size;
1269         size = align(size, c, e);
1270         if (size == -1)
1271             goto overflow;
1272 
1273         /* if (size + num * itemsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) { ... } */
1274         if (num > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - size) / itemsize)
1275             goto overflow;
1276         size += num * itemsize;
1277     }
1278 
1279     /* check for overflow */
1280     if ((len + 1) > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(formatcode))) {
1281         PyErr_NoMemory();
1282         return -1;
1283     }
1284 
1285     self->s_size = size;
1286     self->s_len = len;
1287     codes = PyMem_MALLOC((len + 1) * sizeof(formatcode));
1288     if (codes == NULL) {
1289         PyErr_NoMemory();
1290         return -1;
1291     }
1292     /* Free any s_codes value left over from a previous initialization. */
1293     if (self->s_codes != NULL)
1294         PyMem_FREE(self->s_codes);
1295     self->s_codes = codes;
1296 
1297     s = fmt;
1298     size = 0;
1299     while ((c = *s++) != '\0') {
1300         if (isspace(Py_CHARMASK(c)))
1301             continue;
1302         if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
1303             num = c - '0';
1304             while ('0' <= (c = *s++) && c <= '9')
1305                 num = num*10 + (c - '0');
1306             if (c == '\0')
1307                 break;
1308         }
1309         else
1310             num = 1;
1311 
1312         e = getentry(c, f);
1313 
1314         size = align(size, c, e);
1315         if (c == 's' || c == 'p') {
1316             codes->offset = size;
1317             codes->size = num;
1318             codes->fmtdef = e;
1319             codes++;
1320             size += num;
1321         } else if (c == 'x') {
1322             size += num;
1323         } else {
1324             while (--num >= 0) {
1325                 codes->offset = size;
1326                 codes->size = e->size;
1327                 codes->fmtdef = e;
1328                 codes++;
1329                 size += e->size;
1330             }
1331         }
1332     }
1333     codes->fmtdef = NULL;
1334     codes->offset = size;
1335     codes->size = 0;
1336 
1337     return 0;
1338 
1339   overflow:
1340     PyErr_SetString(StructError,
1341                     "total struct size too long");
1342     return -1;
1343 }
1344 
1345 static PyObject *
1346 s_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
1347 {
1348     PyObject *self;
1349 
1350     assert(type != NULL && type->tp_alloc != NULL);
1351 
1352     self = type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
1353     if (self != NULL) {
1354         PyStructObject *s = (PyStructObject*)self;
1355         Py_INCREF(Py_None);
1356         s->s_format = Py_None;
1357         s->s_codes = NULL;
1358         s->s_size = -1;
1359         s->s_len = -1;
1360     }
1361     return self;
1362 }
1363 
1364 static int
1365 s_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
1366 {
1367     PyStructObject *soself = (PyStructObject *)self;
1368     PyObject *o_format = NULL;
1369     int ret = 0;
1370     static char *kwlist[] = {"format", 0};
1371 
1372     assert(PyStruct_Check(self));
1373 
1374     if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "S:Struct", kwlist,
1375                                      &o_format))
1376         return -1;
1377 
1378     Py_INCREF(o_format);
1379     Py_CLEAR(soself->s_format);
1380     soself->s_format = o_format;
1381 
1382     ret = prepare_s(soself);
1383     return ret;
1384 }
1385 
1386 static void
1387 s_dealloc(PyStructObject *s)
1388 {
1389     if (s->weakreflist != NULL)
1390         PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *)s);
1391     if (s->s_codes != NULL) {
1392         PyMem_FREE(s->s_codes);
1393     }
1394     Py_XDECREF(s->s_format);
1395     Py_TYPE(s)->tp_free((PyObject *)s);
1396 }
1397 
1398 static PyObject *
1399 s_unpack_internal(PyStructObject *soself, char *startfrom) {
1400     formatcode *code;
1401     Py_ssize_t i = 0;
1402     PyObject *result = PyTuple_New(soself->s_len);
1403     if (result == NULL)
1404         return NULL;
1405 
1406     for (code = soself->s_codes; code->fmtdef != NULL; code++) {
1407         PyObject *v;
1408         const formatdef *e = code->fmtdef;
1409         const char *res = startfrom + code->offset;
1410         if (e->format == 's') {
1411             v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(res, code->size);
1412         } else if (e->format == 'p') {
1413             Py_ssize_t n = *(unsigned char*)res;
1414             if (n >= code->size)
1415                 n = code->size - 1;
1416             v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(res + 1, n);
1417         } else {
1418             v = e->unpack(res, e);
1419         }
1420         if (v == NULL)
1421             goto fail;
1422         PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, i++, v);
1423     }
1424 
1425     return result;
1426 fail:
1427     Py_DECREF(result);
1428     return NULL;
1429 }
1430 
1431 
1432 PyDoc_STRVAR(s_unpack__doc__,
1433 "S.unpack(str) -> (v1, v2, ...)\n\
1434 \n\
1435 Return tuple containing values unpacked according to this Struct's format.\n\
1436 Requires len(str) == self.size. See struct.__doc__ for more on format\n\
1437 strings.");
1438 
1439 static PyObject *
1440 s_unpack(PyObject *self, PyObject *inputstr)
1441 {
1442     char *start;
1443     Py_ssize_t len;
1444     PyObject *args=NULL, *result;
1445     PyStructObject *soself = (PyStructObject *)self;
1446     assert(PyStruct_Check(self));
1447     assert(soself->s_codes != NULL);
1448     if (inputstr == NULL)
1449         goto fail;
1450     if (PyString_Check(inputstr) &&
1451         PyString_GET_SIZE(inputstr) == soself->s_size) {
1452             return s_unpack_internal(soself, PyString_AS_STRING(inputstr));
1453     }
1454     args = PyTuple_Pack(1, inputstr);
1455     if (args == NULL)
1456         return NULL;
1457     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#:unpack", &start, &len))
1458         goto fail;
1459     if (soself->s_size != len)
1460         goto fail;
1461     result = s_unpack_internal(soself, start);
1462     Py_DECREF(args);
1463     return result;
1464 
1465 fail:
1466     Py_XDECREF(args);
1467     PyErr_Format(StructError,
1468         "unpack requires a string argument of length %zd",
1469         soself->s_size);
1470     return NULL;
1471 }
1472 
1473 PyDoc_STRVAR(s_unpack_from__doc__,
1474 "S.unpack_from(buffer[, offset]) -> (v1, v2, ...)\n\
1475 \n\
1476 Return tuple containing values unpacked according to this Struct's format.\n\
1477 Unlike unpack, unpack_from can unpack values from any object supporting\n\
1478 the buffer API, not just str. Requires len(buffer[offset:]) >= self.size.\n\
1479 See struct.__doc__ for more on format strings.");
1480 
1481 static PyObject *
1482 s_unpack_from(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
1483 {
1484     static char *kwlist[] = {"buffer", "offset", 0};
1485 #if (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000)
1486     static char *fmt = "z#|i:unpack_from";
1487 #else
1488     static char *fmt = "z#|n:unpack_from";
1489 #endif
1490     Py_ssize_t buffer_len = 0, offset = 0;
1491     char *buffer = NULL;
1492     PyStructObject *soself = (PyStructObject *)self;
1493     assert(PyStruct_Check(self));
1494     assert(soself->s_codes != NULL);
1495 
1496     if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, fmt, kwlist,
1497                                      &buffer, &buffer_len, &offset))
1498         return NULL;
1499 
1500     if (buffer == NULL) {
1501         PyErr_Format(StructError,
1502             "unpack_from requires a buffer argument");
1503         return NULL;
1504     }
1505 
1506     if (offset < 0)
1507         offset += buffer_len;
1508 
1509     if (offset < 0 || (buffer_len - offset) < soself->s_size) {
1510         PyErr_Format(StructError,
1511             "unpack_from requires a buffer of at least %zd bytes",
1512             soself->s_size);
1513         return NULL;
1514     }
1515     return s_unpack_internal(soself, buffer + offset);
1516 }
1517 
1518 
1519 /*
1520  * Guts of the pack function.
1521  *
1522  * Takes a struct object, a tuple of arguments, and offset in that tuple of
1523  * argument for where to start processing the arguments for packing, and a
1524  * character buffer for writing the packed string.  The caller must insure
1525  * that the buffer may contain the required length for packing the arguments.
1526  * 0 is returned on success, 1 is returned if there is an error.
1527  *
1528  */
1529 static int
1530 s_pack_internal(PyStructObject *soself, PyObject *args, int offset, char* buf)
1531 {
1532     formatcode *code;
1533     /* XXX(nnorwitz): why does i need to be a local?  can we use
1534        the offset parameter or do we need the wider width? */
1535     Py_ssize_t i;
1536 
1537     memset(buf, '\0', soself->s_size);
1538     i = offset;
1539     for (code = soself->s_codes; code->fmtdef != NULL; code++) {
1540         Py_ssize_t n;
1541         PyObject *v = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i++);
1542         const formatdef *e = code->fmtdef;
1543         char *res = buf + code->offset;
1544         if (e->format == 's') {
1545             if (!PyString_Check(v)) {
1546                 PyErr_SetString(StructError,
1547                                 "argument for 's' must "
1548                                 "be a string");
1549                 return -1;
1550             }
1551             n = PyString_GET_SIZE(v);
1552             if (n > code->size)
1553                 n = code->size;
1554             if (n > 0)
1555                 memcpy(res, PyString_AS_STRING(v), n);
1556         } else if (e->format == 'p') {
1557             if (!PyString_Check(v)) {
1558                 PyErr_SetString(StructError,
1559                                 "argument for 'p' must "
1560                                 "be a string");
1561                 return -1;
1562             }
1563             n = PyString_GET_SIZE(v);
1564             if (n > (code->size - 1))
1565                 n = code->size - 1;
1566             if (n > 0)
1567                 memcpy(res + 1, PyString_AS_STRING(v), n);
1568             if (n > 255)
1569                 n = 255;
1570             *res = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(n, Py_ssize_t, unsigned char);
1571         } else if (e->pack(res, v, e) < 0) {
1572             if (strchr(integer_codes, e->format) != NULL &&
1573                 PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError))
1574                 PyErr_Format(StructError,
1575                              "integer out of range for "
1576                              "'%c' format code",
1577                              e->format);
1578             return -1;
1579         }
1580     }
1581 
1582     /* Success */
1583     return 0;
1584 }
1585 
1586 
1587 PyDoc_STRVAR(s_pack__doc__,
1588 "S.pack(v1, v2, ...) -> string\n\
1589 \n\
1590 Return a string containing values v1, v2, ... packed according to this\n\
1591 Struct's format. See struct.__doc__ for more on format strings.");
1592 
1593 static PyObject *
1594 s_pack(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
1595 {
1596     PyStructObject *soself;
1597     PyObject *result;
1598 
1599     /* Validate arguments. */
1600     soself = (PyStructObject *)self;
1601     assert(PyStruct_Check(self));
1602     assert(soself->s_codes != NULL);
1603     if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) != soself->s_len)
1604     {
1605         PyErr_Format(StructError,
1606             "pack requires exactly %zd arguments", soself->s_len);
1607         return NULL;
1608     }
1609 
1610     /* Allocate a new string */
1611     result = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, soself->s_size);
1612     if (result == NULL)
1613         return NULL;
1614 
1615     /* Call the guts */
1616     if ( s_pack_internal(soself, args, 0, PyString_AS_STRING(result)) != 0 ) {
1617         Py_DECREF(result);
1618         return NULL;
1619     }
1620 
1621     return result;
1622 }
1623 
1624 PyDoc_STRVAR(s_pack_into__doc__,
1625 "S.pack_into(buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)\n\
1626 \n\
1627 Pack the values v1, v2, ... according to this Struct's format, write \n\
1628 the packed bytes into the writable buffer buf starting at offset.  Note\n\
1629 that the offset is not an optional argument.  See struct.__doc__ for \n\
1630 more on format strings.");
1631 
1632 static PyObject *
1633 s_pack_into(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
1634 {
1635     PyStructObject *soself;
1636     char *buffer;
1637     Py_ssize_t buffer_len, offset;
1638 
1639     /* Validate arguments.  +1 is for the first arg as buffer. */
1640     soself = (PyStructObject *)self;
1641     assert(PyStruct_Check(self));
1642     assert(soself->s_codes != NULL);
1643     if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) != (soself->s_len + 2))
1644     {
1645         PyErr_Format(StructError,
1646                      "pack_into requires exactly %zd arguments",
1647                      (soself->s_len + 2));
1648         return NULL;
1649     }
1650 
1651     /* Extract a writable memory buffer from the first argument */
1652     if ( PyObject_AsWriteBuffer(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0),
1653                                                             (void**)&buffer, &buffer_len) == -1 ) {
1654         return NULL;
1655     }
1656     assert( buffer_len >= 0 );
1657 
1658     /* Extract the offset from the first argument */
1659     offset = PyInt_AsSsize_t(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 1));
1660     if (offset == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
1661         return NULL;
1662 
1663     /* Support negative offsets. */
1664     if (offset < 0)
1665         offset += buffer_len;
1666 
1667     /* Check boundaries */
1668     if (offset < 0 || (buffer_len - offset) < soself->s_size) {
1669         PyErr_Format(StructError,
1670                      "pack_into requires a buffer of at least %zd bytes",
1671                      soself->s_size);
1672         return NULL;
1673     }
1674 
1675     /* Call the guts */
1676     if ( s_pack_internal(soself, args, 2, buffer + offset) != 0 ) {
1677         return NULL;
1678     }
1679 
1680     Py_RETURN_NONE;
1681 }
1682 
1683 static PyObject *
1684 s_get_format(PyStructObject *self, void *unused)
1685 {
1686     Py_INCREF(self->s_format);
1687     return self->s_format;
1688 }
1689 
1690 static PyObject *
1691 s_get_size(PyStructObject *self, void *unused)
1692 {
1693     return PyInt_FromSsize_t(self->s_size);
1694 }
1695 
1696 /* List of functions */
1697 
1698 static struct PyMethodDef s_methods[] = {
1699     {"pack",            s_pack,         METH_VARARGS, s_pack__doc__},
1700     {"pack_into",       s_pack_into,    METH_VARARGS, s_pack_into__doc__},
1701     {"unpack",          s_unpack,       METH_O, s_unpack__doc__},
1702     {"unpack_from",     (PyCFunction)s_unpack_from, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS,
1703                     s_unpack_from__doc__},
1704     {NULL,       NULL}          /* sentinel */
1705 };
1706 
1707 PyDoc_STRVAR(s__doc__, "Compiled struct object");
1708 
1709 #define OFF(x) offsetof(PyStructObject, x)
1710 
1711 static PyGetSetDef s_getsetlist[] = {
1712     {"format", (getter)s_get_format, (setter)NULL, "struct format string", NULL},
1713     {"size", (getter)s_get_size, (setter)NULL, "struct size in bytes", NULL},
1714     {NULL} /* sentinel */
1715 };
1716 
1717 static
1718 PyTypeObject PyStructType = {
1719     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
1720     "Struct",
1721     sizeof(PyStructObject),
1722     0,
1723     (destructor)s_dealloc,      /* tp_dealloc */
1724     0,                                          /* tp_print */
1725     0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
1726     0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
1727     0,                                          /* tp_compare */
1728     0,                                          /* tp_repr */
1729     0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
1730     0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
1731     0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
1732     0,                                          /* tp_hash */
1733     0,                                          /* tp_call */
1734     0,                                          /* tp_str */
1735     PyObject_GenericGetAttr,            /* tp_getattro */
1736     PyObject_GenericSetAttr,            /* tp_setattro */
1737     0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
1738     Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_WEAKREFS,/* tp_flags */
1739     s__doc__,                           /* tp_doc */
1740     0,                                          /* tp_traverse */
1741     0,                                          /* tp_clear */
1742     0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
1743     offsetof(PyStructObject, weakreflist),      /* tp_weaklistoffset */
1744     0,                                          /* tp_iter */
1745     0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
1746     s_methods,                          /* tp_methods */
1747     NULL,                               /* tp_members */
1748     s_getsetlist,               /* tp_getset */
1749     0,                                          /* tp_base */
1750     0,                                          /* tp_dict */
1751     0,                                          /* tp_descr_get */
1752     0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
1753     0,                                          /* tp_dictoffset */
1754     s_init,                             /* tp_init */
1755     PyType_GenericAlloc,/* tp_alloc */
1756     s_new,                              /* tp_new */
1757     PyObject_Del,               /* tp_free */
1758 };
1759 
1760 
1761 /* ---- Standalone functions  ---- */
1762 
1763 #define MAXCACHE 100
1764 static PyObject *cache = NULL;
1765 
1766 static PyObject *
1767 cache_struct(PyObject *fmt)
1768 {
1769     PyObject * s_object;
1770 
1771     if (cache == NULL) {
1772         cache = PyDict_New();
1773         if (cache == NULL)
1774             return NULL;
1775     }
1776 
1777     s_object = PyDict_GetItem(cache, fmt);
1778     if (s_object != NULL) {
1779         Py_INCREF(s_object);
1780         return s_object;
1781     }
1782 
1783     s_object = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs((PyObject *)(&PyStructType), fmt, NULL);
1784     if (s_object != NULL) {
1785         if (PyDict_Size(cache) >= MAXCACHE)
1786             PyDict_Clear(cache);
1787         /* Attempt to cache the result */
1788         if (PyDict_SetItem(cache, fmt, s_object) == -1)
1789             PyErr_Clear();
1790     }
1791     return s_object;
1792 }
1793 
1794 PyDoc_STRVAR(clearcache_doc,
1795 "Clear the internal cache.");
1796 
1797 static PyObject *
1798 clearcache(PyObject *self)
1799 {
1800     Py_CLEAR(cache);
1801     Py_RETURN_NONE;
1802 }
1803 
1804 PyDoc_STRVAR(calcsize_doc,
1805 "Return size of C struct described by format string fmt.");
1806 
1807 static PyObject *
1808 calcsize(PyObject *self, PyObject *fmt)
1809 {
1810     Py_ssize_t n;
1811     PyObject *s_object = cache_struct(fmt);
1812     if (s_object == NULL)
1813         return NULL;
1814     n = ((PyStructObject *)s_object)->s_size;
1815     Py_DECREF(s_object);
1816     return PyInt_FromSsize_t(n);
1817 }
1818 
1819 PyDoc_STRVAR(pack_doc,
1820 "Return string containing values v1, v2, ... packed according to fmt.");
1821 
1822 static PyObject *
1823 pack(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
1824 {
1825     PyObject *s_object, *fmt, *newargs, *result;
1826     Py_ssize_t n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
1827 
1828     if (n == 0) {
1829         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "missing format argument");
1830         return NULL;
1831     }
1832     fmt = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0);
1833     newargs = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, n);
1834     if (newargs == NULL)
1835         return NULL;
1836 
1837     s_object = cache_struct(fmt);
1838     if (s_object == NULL) {
1839         Py_DECREF(newargs);
1840         return NULL;
1841     }
1842     result = s_pack(s_object, newargs);
1843     Py_DECREF(newargs);
1844     Py_DECREF(s_object);
1845     return result;
1846 }
1847 
1848 PyDoc_STRVAR(pack_into_doc,
1849 "Pack the values v1, v2, ... according to fmt.\n\
1850 Write the packed bytes into the writable buffer buf starting at offset.");
1851 
1852 static PyObject *
1853 pack_into(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
1854 {
1855     PyObject *s_object, *fmt, *newargs, *result;
1856     Py_ssize_t n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
1857 
1858     if (n == 0) {
1859         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "missing format argument");
1860         return NULL;
1861     }
1862     fmt = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0);
1863     newargs = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, n);
1864     if (newargs == NULL)
1865         return NULL;
1866 
1867     s_object = cache_struct(fmt);
1868     if (s_object == NULL) {
1869         Py_DECREF(newargs);
1870         return NULL;
1871     }
1872     result = s_pack_into(s_object, newargs);
1873     Py_DECREF(newargs);
1874     Py_DECREF(s_object);
1875     return result;
1876 }
1877 
1878 PyDoc_STRVAR(unpack_doc,
1879 "Unpack the string containing packed C structure data, according to fmt.\n\
1880 Requires len(string) == calcsize(fmt).");
1881 
1882 static PyObject *
1883 unpack(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
1884 {
1885     PyObject *s_object, *fmt, *inputstr, *result;
1886 
1887     if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "unpack", 2, 2, &fmt, &inputstr))
1888         return NULL;
1889 
1890     s_object = cache_struct(fmt);
1891     if (s_object == NULL)
1892         return NULL;
1893     result = s_unpack(s_object, inputstr);
1894     Py_DECREF(s_object);
1895     return result;
1896 }
1897 
1898 PyDoc_STRVAR(unpack_from_doc,
1899 "Unpack the buffer, containing packed C structure data, according to\n\
1900 fmt, starting at offset. Requires len(buffer[offset:]) >= calcsize(fmt).");
1901 
1902 static PyObject *
1903 unpack_from(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
1904 {
1905     PyObject *s_object, *fmt, *newargs, *result;
1906     Py_ssize_t n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
1907 
1908     if (n == 0) {
1909         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "missing format argument");
1910         return NULL;
1911     }
1912     fmt = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0);
1913     newargs = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, n);
1914     if (newargs == NULL)
1915         return NULL;
1916 
1917     s_object = cache_struct(fmt);
1918     if (s_object == NULL) {
1919         Py_DECREF(newargs);
1920         return NULL;
1921     }
1922     result = s_unpack_from(s_object, newargs, kwds);
1923     Py_DECREF(newargs);
1924     Py_DECREF(s_object);
1925     return result;
1926 }
1927 
1928 static struct PyMethodDef module_functions[] = {
1929     {"_clearcache",     (PyCFunction)clearcache,        METH_NOARGS,    clearcache_doc},
1930     {"calcsize",        calcsize,       METH_O, calcsize_doc},
1931     {"pack",            pack,           METH_VARARGS,   pack_doc},
1932     {"pack_into",       pack_into,      METH_VARARGS,   pack_into_doc},
1933     {"unpack",          unpack, METH_VARARGS,   unpack_doc},
1934     {"unpack_from",     (PyCFunction)unpack_from,
1935                     METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS,         unpack_from_doc},
1936     {NULL,       NULL}          /* sentinel */
1937 };
1938 
1939 
1940 /* Module initialization */
1941 
1942 PyDoc_STRVAR(module_doc,
1943 "Functions to convert between Python values and C structs represented\n\
1944 as Python strings. It uses format strings (explained below) as compact\n\
1945 descriptions of the lay-out of the C structs and the intended conversion\n\
1946 to/from Python values.\n\
1947 \n\
1948 The optional first format char indicates byte order, size and alignment:\n\
1949   @: native order, size & alignment (default)\n\
1950   =: native order, std. size & alignment\n\
1951   <: little-endian, std. size & alignment\n\
1952   >: big-endian, std. size & alignment\n\
1953   !: same as >\n\
1954 \n\
1955 The remaining chars indicate types of args and must match exactly;\n\
1956 these can be preceded by a decimal repeat count:\n\
1957   x: pad byte (no data); c:char; b:signed byte; B:unsigned byte;\n\
1958   ?: _Bool (requires C99; if not available, char is used instead)\n\
1959   h:short; H:unsigned short; i:int; I:unsigned int;\n\
1960   l:long; L:unsigned long; f:float; d:double.\n\
1961 Special cases (preceding decimal count indicates length):\n\
1962   s:string (array of char); p: pascal string (with count byte).\n\
1963 Special case (only available in native format):\n\
1964   P:an integer type that is wide enough to hold a pointer.\n\
1965 Special case (not in native mode unless 'long long' in platform C):\n\
1966   q:long long; Q:unsigned long long\n\
1967 Whitespace between formats is ignored.\n\
1968 \n\
1969 The variable struct.error is an exception raised on errors.\n");
1970 
1971 PyMODINIT_FUNC
1972 init_struct(void)
1973 {
1974     PyObject *ver, *m;
1975 
1976     ver = PyString_FromString("0.2");
1977     if (ver == NULL)
1978         return;
1979 
1980     m = Py_InitModule3("_struct", module_functions, module_doc);
1981     if (m == NULL)
1982         return;
1983 
1984     Py_TYPE(&PyStructType) = &PyType_Type;
1985     if (PyType_Ready(&PyStructType) < 0)
1986         return;
1987 
1988     /* This speed trick can't be used until overflow masking goes
1989        away, because native endian always raises exceptions
1990        instead of overflow masking. */
1991 
1992     /* Check endian and swap in faster functions */
1993     {
1994         int one = 1;
1995         formatdef *native = native_table;
1996         formatdef *other, *ptr;
1997         if ((int)*(unsigned char*)&one)
1998             other = lilendian_table;
1999         else
2000             other = bigendian_table;
2001         /* Scan through the native table, find a matching
2002            entry in the endian table and swap in the
2003            native implementations whenever possible
2004            (64-bit platforms may not have "standard" sizes) */
2005         while (native->format != '\0' && other->format != '\0') {
2006             ptr = other;
2007             while (ptr->format != '\0') {
2008                 if (ptr->format == native->format) {
2009                     /* Match faster when formats are
2010                        listed in the same order */
2011                     if (ptr == other)
2012                         other++;
2013                     /* Only use the trick if the
2014                        size matches */
2015                     if (ptr->size != native->size)
2016                         break;
2017                     /* Skip float and double, could be
2018                        "unknown" float format */
2019                     if (ptr->format == 'd' || ptr->format == 'f')
2020                         break;
2021                     ptr->pack = native->pack;
2022                     ptr->unpack = native->unpack;
2023                     break;
2024                 }
2025                 ptr++;
2026             }
2027             native++;
2028         }
2029     }
2030 
2031     /* Add some symbolic constants to the module */
2032     if (StructError == NULL) {
2033         StructError = PyErr_NewException("struct.error", NULL, NULL);
2034         if (StructError == NULL)
2035             return;
2036     }
2037 
2038     Py_INCREF(StructError);
2039     PyModule_AddObject(m, "error", StructError);
2040 
2041     Py_INCREF((PyObject*)&PyStructType);
2042     PyModule_AddObject(m, "Struct", (PyObject*)&PyStructType);
2043 
2044     PyModule_AddObject(m, "__version__", ver);
2045 
2046     PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "_PY_STRUCT_RANGE_CHECKING", 1);
2047     PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "_PY_STRUCT_FLOAT_COERCE", 1);
2048 }